WEB BOT PROJECT

In the early 1990's a technology was created in which a series of "spiders" or pre-programed search bots scanned the internet searching for key words. These bots scanned the web at incredible speeds, largely targeting blog sites, forums and other such social sites. When these bots found key words they would take a sample of data surrounding the key word and bring it back to a central filter where these data "snapshots" were used to make predictions about marketing trends and other such economical shifts.
Recently, this technology; widely referred to as "The Web Bot Project" has been used to make a great deal of debatably accurate predictions about human society as a whole.
Some predictions the Web Bot has made include:
Predictions made toward a military background in the Washington D.C. Sniper spree Loose references to the Spaceshuttle Colombia tragedy References were made to Vice President Dick Cheney, involving a gun shot wounding A major event was predicted in the time period days around the 9/11 attacks. McCain would end his campaign in September 2008 for health reasons (which turned out to be true for one week, but for the health of the economy not his own) Louisiana would experience an "electrifying" water experience that will drive 300000 people away from shore (Hurricane Rita did this, however the post-event comments was how "shockingly fast" the water rose in the city.) As noted in the last two predictions above, the Web Bots are good at identifying events but sometimes the words don't match what actually occurs and thus require careful interpretation.

WEB DOCUMENTRY

A web documentary is a documentary production that differs from the more traditional forms—video, audio, photographic—by applying a full complement of multimedia tools. The interactive multimedia capability of the Internet provides documentarians with a unique medium to create non-linear productions that combine photography, text, audio, video, animation and infographics.

How web documentaries differ from film documentaries

The web documentary differs from film documentaries through the integration of a combination of multimedia assets (photos, text, audio, animation, graphic design, etc) and the requirement on the part of the viewer to interact with, or navigate through, the story.
Compared to a linear narrative where the destination of the story is pre-determined by the filmmaker, a web documentary provides a viewer with the experience of moving through the story via clusters of information. The integration of information architecture, graphic design, imagery, titles and sub-titles all play a role in providing visual clues to the viewer as to the sequence through which they should move through the web documentary. But from that point, it becomes the viewer's discretion to poke their heads into the nooks and crannies of the project, exploring the components of the story that interest them the most.

WEB CAM

Webcams are video capturing devices connected to computers or computer networks, often using USB or, if they connect to networks, ethernet or Wi-Fi. They are well-known for their low manufacturing costs and flexible applications.

Web-accessible cameras

This Axis camera can be connected directly to a network or the Internet, via an RJ45 connector on its rear. Users can access the picture by connecting to an onboard web server.In addition to use for personal videoconferencing, it was quickly realised that World Wide Web users enjoyed viewing images from cameras set up by others elsewhere in the world. While the term "webcam" refers to the technology generally, the first part of the term ("web-") is often replaced with a word describing what can be viewed with the camera, such as a netcam or streetcam. Educators can use webcams to take their students on virtual field trips.
Today there are millions of webcams that provide views into homes, offices and other buildings as well as providing panoramic views of cities (Metrocams) and the countryside. Webcams are used to monitor traffic with TraffiCams, the weather with WeatherCams and even volcanoes with VolcanoCams. Webcam aggregators allow viewers to search for specific webcams based on geography or other criteria.

WEB FORUME

An Internet forum, or message board, is an online discussion site.[1] It is the modern equivalent of a traditional bulletin board, and a technological evolution of the dialup bulletin board system.From a technological standpoint, forums[note 1] or boards are web applications managing user-generated content.Forums consist of a group of contributors who usually must be registered with the system, becoming known as members. The members submit topics for discussion (known as threads) and communicate with each other using publicly visible messages (referred to as posts) or private messaging.Forums usually restrict anonymous visitors to only view the contents posted.
People participating in an Internet forum will usually build bonds with each other and interest groups will easily form around a topic's discussion, subjects dealt within or around sections in the forum. The term community refers to the segment of the online community participating in the activities of the web site they reside in. It is also used to refer to the group interested in the topic on the Internet, rather than just the site.

WEB FEED

A web feed (or news feed) is a data format used for providing users with frequently updated content. Content distributors syndicate a web feed, thereby allowing users to subscribe to it. Making a collection of web feeds accessible in one spot is known as aggregation, which is performed by an Internet aggregator. A web feed is also sometimes referred to as a syndicated feed.
In the typical scenario of using web feeds, a content provider publishes a feed link on their site which end users can register with an aggregator program (also called a feed reader or a news reader) running on their own machines; doing this is usually as simple as dragging the link from the web browser to the aggregator. When instructed, the aggregator asks all the servers in its feed list if they have new content; if so, the aggregator either makes a note of the new content or downloads it. Aggregators can be scheduled to check for new content periodically. Web feeds are an example of pull technology, although they may appear to push content to the user.
The kinds of content delivered by a web feed are typically HTML (webpage content) or links to webpages and other kinds of digital media. Often when websites provide web feeds to notify users of content updates, they only include summaries in the web feed rather than the full content itself.
Web feeds are operated by many news websites, weblogs, schools, and podcasters.
BenefitsWeb feeds have some advantages compared to receiving frequently published content via email:
When subscribing to a feed, users do not disclose their email address, so users are not increasing their exposure to threats associated with email: spam, viruses, phishing, and identity theft. If users want to stop receiving news, they do not have to send an "unsubscribe" request; users can simply remove the feed from their aggregator. The feed items are automatically "sorted" in the sense that each feed URL has its own sets of entries (unlike an email box, where all mails are in one big pile and email programs have to resort to complicated rules and pattern matching). A "Feed Reader" is required for using Web Feeds. This tool works like an automated e-mail program, but no e-mail address is needed. The user subscribes to a particular web feed, and thereafter receives updated content, every time updating takes place. Feed Readers may be online (like a webmail account) or offline. Recently a number of mobile readers have arrived to the market. An offline web feed is downloaded to the user's system. Feed readers are used in personalized home page services like iGoogle or My Yahoo or My MSN to put content such as news, weather and stock quotes appear on the user’s personal page. Content from other sites can also be added to that personalized page, again using feeds. Organizations can use a Web Feed Server behind their firewall to distribute, manage and track the use of internal and external web feeds by users and groups. Other web-based tools are primarily dedicated to feed-reading only. One of the most popular web-based feed readers at this point is Bloglines, which is also free. Opera, Safari, Firefox, Internet Explorer 7.0, and many other web browsers allow receipts of feeds from the tool bar using Live Bookmarks, Favorites, and other techniques to integrate feed reading into a browser. Finally, there are desktop-based feed readers, e.g. FeedDemon, NetNewsWire, Outlook 2007, Thunderbird, AggBot.

Scraping

Usually a web feed is made available by the same entity that created the content. Typically the feed comes from the same place as the website. However not all websites provide a feed. Sometimes third parties will read the website and create a feed for it by scraping it. Scraping is controversial since it distributes the content in a manner that was not chosen by the content owner.

Technical definition

A web feed is a document (often XML-based) which contains content items with web links to longer versions. News websites and blogs are common sources for web feeds, but feeds are also used to deliver structured information ranging from weather data to "top ten" lists of hit tunes to search results. The two main web feed formats are RSS and Atom.
"Publishing a feed" and "syndication" are two of the more common terms used to describe making available a feed for an information source, such as a blog. Like syndicated print newspaper features or broadcast programs, web feed content may be shared and republished by other websites. (For that reason, one popular definition of RSS is Really Simple Syndication.)
More often, feeds are subscribed to directly by users with aggregators or feed readers, which combine the contents of multiple web feeds for display on a single screen or series of screens. Some modern web browsers incorporate aggregator features. Depending on the aggregator, users typically subscribe to a feed by manually entering the URL of a feed or clicking a link in a web browser.
Web feeds are designed to be machine-readable rather than human-readable, which tends to be a source of confusion when people first encounter web feeds. This means that web feeds can also be used to automatically transfer information from one website to another, without any human intervention.

WEB CRAWLER

A web crawler (also known as a web spider, web robot, or—especially in the FOAF community—web scutter) is a program or automated script that browses the World Wide Web in a methodical, automated manner. Other less frequently used names for web crawlers are ants, automatic indexers, bots, and worms.
This process is called web crawling or spidering. Many sites, in particular search engines, use spidering as a means of providing up-to-date data. Web crawlers are mainly used to create a copy of all the visited pages for later processing by a search engine that will index the downloaded pages to provide fast searches. Crawlers can also be used for automating maintenance tasks on a website, such as checking links or validating HTML code. Also, crawlers can be used to gather specific types of information from Web pages, such as harvesting e-mail addresses (usually for spam).
A web crawler is one type of bot, or software agent. In general, it starts with a list of URLs to visit, called the seeds. As the crawler visits these URLs, it identifies all the hyperlinks in the page and adds them to the list of URLs to visit, called the crawl frontier. URLs from the frontier are recursively visited according to a set of policies.

Crawling policies



There are three important characteristics of the Web that make crawling it very difficult:
its large volume, its fast rate of change, dynamic page generation, which combine to produce a wide variety of possible crawlable URLs.
The large volume implies that the crawler can only download a fraction of the web pages within a given time, so it needs to prioritize its downloads. The high rate of change implies that by the time the crawler is downloading the last pages from a site, it is very likely that new pages have been added to the site, or that pages have already been updated or even deleted.
The recent increase in the number of pages being generated by server-side scripting languages has also created difficulty in that endless combinations of HTTP GET parameters exist, only a small selection of which will actually return unique content. For example, a simple online photo gallery may offer three options to users, as specified through HTTP GET parameters. If there exist four ways to sort images, three choices of thumbnail size, two file formats, and an option to disable user-provided contents, then that same set of content can be accessed with forty-eight different URLs, all of which will be present on the site. This mathematical combination creates a problem for crawlers, as they must sort through endless combinations of relatively minor scripted changes in order to retrieve unique content.
As Edwards et al. noted, "Given that the bandwidth for conducting crawls is neither infinite nor free, it is becoming essential to crawl the Web in not only a scalable, but efficient way, if some reasonable measure of quality or freshness is to be maintained." A crawler must carefully choose at each step which pages to visit next.
The behavior of a web crawler is the outcome of a combination of policies:
A selection policy that states which pages to download. A re-visit policy that states when to check for changes to the pages. A politeness policy that states how to avoid overloading websites. A parallelization policy that states how to coordinate distributed web crawlers.
Selection policyGiven the current size of the Web, even large search engines cover only a portion of the publicly available internet; a study by Lawrence and Giles (Lawrence and Giles, 2000) showed that no search engine indexes more than 16% of the Web. As a crawler always downloads just a fraction of the Web pages, it is highly desirable that the downloaded fraction contains the most relevant pages, and not just a random sample of the Web.
This requires a metric of importance for prioritizing Web pages. The importance of a page is a function of its intrinsic quality, its popularity in terms of links or visits, and even of its URL (the latter is the case of vertical search engines restricted to a single top-level domain, or search engines restricted to a fixed Web site). Designing a good selection policy has an added difficulty: it must work with partial information, as the complete set of Web pages is not known during crawling.
Cho et al. (Cho et al., 1998) made the first study on policies for crawling scheduling. Their data set was a 180,000-pages crawl from the stanford.edu domain, in which a crawling simulation was done with different strategies. The ordering metrics tested were breadth-first, backlink-count and partial Pagerank calculations. One of the conclusions was that if the crawler wants to download pages with high Pagerank early during the crawling process, then the partial Pagerank strategy is the better, followed by breadth-first and backlink-count. However, these results are for just a single domain.
Najork and Wiener [4] performed an actual crawl on 328 million pages, using breadth-first ordering. They found that a breadth-first crawl captures pages with high Pagerank early in the crawl (but they did not compare this strategy against other strategies). The explanation given by the authors for this result is that "the most important pages have many links to them from numerous hosts, and those links will be found early, regardless of on which host or page the crawl originates".
Abiteboul (Abiteboul et al., 2003) designed a crawling strategy based on an algorithm called OPIC (On-line Page Importance Computation). In OPIC, each page is given an initial sum of "cash" that is distributed equally among the pages it points to. It is similar to a Pagerank computation, but it is faster and is only done in one step. An OPIC-driven crawler downloads first the pages in the crawling frontier with higher amounts of "cash". Experiments were carried in a 100,000-pages synthetic graph with a power-law distribution of in-links. However, there was no comparison with other strategies nor experiments in the real Web.
Boldi et al. (Boldi et al., 2004) used simulation on subsets of the Web of 40 million pages from the .it domain and 100 million pages from the WebBase crawl, testing breadth-first against depth-first, random ordering and an omniscient strategy. The comparison was based on how well PageRank computed on a partial crawl approximates the true PageRank value. Surprisingly, some visits that accumulate PageRank very quickly (most notably, breadth-first and the omniscent visit) provide very poor progressive approximations.
Baeza-Yates et al. [5] used simulation on two subsets of the Web of 3 million pages from the .gr and .cl domain, testing several crawling strategies. They showed that both the OPIC strategy and a strategy that uses the length of the per-site queues are both better than breadth-first crawling, and that it is also very effective to use a previous crawl, when it is available, to guide the current one.
Daneshpajouh et al. [6] designed a community based algorithm for discovering good seeds. Their method crawls web pages with high PageRank from different communities in less iteration in comparison with crawl starting from random seeds. One can extract good seed from a previously crawled web graph using this new method. Using these seeds a new crawl can be very effective.
Restricting followed linksA crawler may only want to seek out HTML pages and avoid all other MIME types. In order to request only HTML resources, a crawler may make an HTTP HEAD request to determine a Web resource's MIME type before requesting the entire resource with a GET request. To avoid making numerous HEAD requests, a crawler may alternatively examine the URL and only request the resource if the URL ends with .html, .htm or a slash. This strategy may cause numerous HTML Web resources to be unintentionally skipped. A similar strategy compares the extension of the web resource to a list of known HTML-page types: .html, .htm, .asp, .aspx, .php, and a slash.
Some crawlers may also avoid requesting any resources that have a "?" in them (are dynamically produced) in order to avoid spider traps that may cause the crawler to download an infinite number of URLs from a Web site.
Path-ascending crawlingSome crawlers intend to download as many resources as possible from a particular Web site. Cothey (Cothey, 2004) introduced a path-ascending crawler that would ascend to every path in each URL that it intends to crawl. For example, when given a seed URL of http://llama.org/hamster/monkey/page.html, it will attempt to crawl /hamster/monkey/, /hamster/, and /. Cothey found that a path-ascending crawler was very effective in finding isolated resources, or resources for which no inbound link would have been found in regular crawling.
Many Path-ascending crawlers are also known as Harvester software, because they're used to "harvest" or collect all the content - perhaps the collection of photos in a gallery - from a specific page or host.
Focused crawlingMain article: Focused crawlerThe importance of a page for a crawler can also be expressed as a function of the similarity of a page to a given query. Web crawlers that attempt to download pages that are similar to each other are called focused crawler or topical crawlers. The concepts of topical and focused crawling were first introduced by Menczer [7] [8] and by Chakrabarti et al.
The main problem in focused crawling is that in the context of a web crawler, we would like to be able to predict the similarity of the text of a given page to the query before actually downloading the page. A possible predictor is the anchor text of links; this was the approach taken by Pinkerton in a crawler developed in the early days of the Web. Diligenti et al. [11] propose to use the complete content of the pages already visited to infer the similarity between the driving query and the pages that have not been visited yet. The performance of a focused crawling depends mostly on the richness of links in the specific topic being searched, and a focused crawling usually relies on a general Web search engine for providing starting points.

WEBSITE DEFACEMENT

A website defacement is an attack on a website that changes the visual appearance of the site. These are typically the work of system crackers, who break into a web server and replace the hosted website with one of their own.
A message is often left on the webpage stating his or her pseudonym and the output from "uname -a" and the "id" command along with "shout outs" to his or her friends. Sometimes the Defacer makes fun of the system administrator for failing to maintain server security. Most times the defacement is harmless, however, it can sometimes be used as a distraction to cover up more sinister actions such as uploading malware.
A high-profile website defacement was carried out on the website of the company SCO Group following its assertion that Linux contained stolen code. The title of the page was changed from "Red Hat vs SCO" to "SCO vs World," with various satirical content following.

WEB COLORS

Web colors are colors used in designing web pages, and the methods for describing and specifying those colors.
Authors of web pages have a variety of options available for specifying colors for elements of web documents. Colors may be specified as an RGB triplet in hexadecimal format (a hex triplet); they may also be specified according to their common English names in some cases. Often a color tool or other graphics software is used to generate color values.
The first versions of Mosaic and Netscape Navigator used the X11 color names as the basis for their color lists, as both started as X Window System applications.
Web colors have an unambiguous colorimetric definition, sRGB, which relates the chromaticities of a particular phosphor set, a given transfer curve, adaptive whitepoint, and viewing conditions. These have been chosen to be similar to many real-world monitors and viewing conditions, so that even without color management rendering is fairly close to the specified values. However, user agents vary in the fidelity with which they represent the specified colors. More advanced user agents use color management to provide better color fidelity; this is particularly important for Web-to-print applications.

WEB HOST MANAGER

WebHost Manager (WHM) is a web-based tool used by server administrators and resellers to manage hosting accounts on a web server. WHM listens on ports 2086 and 2087 by default.
As well as being accessible by the root admin, WHM is also accessible to users with reseller privileges. Reseller users of cpanel have a smaller set of featuers than the root user,generally limited by the server asministrator,to features which they determine will effect their customers accounts rather than the server as a whole. From WHM,the server administrator can perform maintainance operation such as compile Apache and upgrade RPMs installed in the system.

WEB SCIENCE

Web Science Research Initiative (WSRI) is a joint effort of MIT and University of Southampton to bridge and formalize the social and technical aspects of collaborative applications running on large-scale networks like the web. It was announced on November 2, 2006 in MIT. Tim Berners-Lee is leading the program that also aims to attract government and private funds, and eventually produce undergraduate and graduate programs. This is very similar to the ISchool movement.
Some initial areas of interest are:
Trust and privacy

Social Networks

Collaboration

EMAIL HOSTIMG SERVICES

An email hosting service is an Internet hosting service that runs email servers.
Email hosting services usually offer premium email at a cost as opposed to advertising supported free email or free webmail. Email hosting services thus differ from typical end-user email providers such as webmail sites. They cater mostly to demanding email users and Small and Mid Size (SME) businesses, while larger enterprises usually run their own email hosting service. Email hosting providers allow for premium email services along with custom configurations and large number of accounts. In addition, hosting providers manage user's own domain name, including any email authentication scheme that the domain owner wishes to enforce in order to convey the meaning that using a specific domain name identifies and qualifies email senders.
Most email hosting providers offer advanced premium email solutions hosted on dedicated custom email platforms. The technology and offerings of different email hosting providers can therefore vary with different needs. Email offered by most webhosting companies is usually more basic standardized POP3 based email and webmail based on open source webmail applications like Horde or Squirrelmail. Almost all webhosting providers offer standard basic email while not all email hosting providers offer webhosting.

Implementation

For a technical overview of how email hosting services are engineered you can read about email hubs.

WEB HOSTING SERVICES

An example of "rack mounted" servers.A web hosting service is a type of Internet hosting service that allows individuals and organizations to provide their own website accessible via the World Wide Web. Web hosts are companies that provide space on a server they own for use by their clients as well as providing Internet connectivity, typically in a data center. Web hosts can also provide data center space and connectivity to the Internet for servers they do not own to be located in their data center, called colocation.

Service scope

The scope of hosting services varies widely. The most basic is web page and small-scale file hosting, where files can be uploaded via File Transfer Protocol (FTP) or a Web interface. The files are usually delivered to the Web "as is" or with little processing. Many Internet service providers (ISPs) offer this service free to their subscribers. People can also obtain Web page hosting from other, alternative service providers. Personal web site hosting is typically free, advertisement-sponsored, or cheap. Business web site hosting often has a higher expense.
Single page hosting is generally sufficient only for personal web pages. A complex site calls for a more comprehensive package that provides database support and application development platforms (e.g. PHP, Java, Ruby on Rails, ColdFusion, and ASP.NET). These facilities allow the customers to write or install scripts for applications like forums and content management. For e-commerce, SSL is also highly recommended.
The host may also provide an interface or control panel for managing the Web server and installing scripts as well as other services like e-mail. Some hosts specialize in certain software or services (e.g. e-commerce). They are commonly used by larger companies to outsource network infrastructure to a hosting company. To find a web hosting company, searchable directories can be used. One must be extremely careful when searching for a new company because many of the people promoting service providers are actually affiliates and the reviews are biased.

Hosting reliability and uptime

Multiple racks of servers, and how a datacenter commonly looks.Hosting uptime refers to the percentage of time the host is accessible via the internet. Many providers state that they aim for a 99.9% uptime, but there may be server restarts and planned (or unplanned) maintenance in any hosting environment.
A common claim from the popular hosting providers is '99% or 99.9% server uptime' but this often refers only to a server being powered on and doesn't account for network downtime. Real downtime can potentially be larger than the percentage guaranteed by the provider. Many providers tie uptime and accessibility into their own service level agreement (SLA). SLAs sometimes include refunds or reduced costs if performance goals are not mET.

USAGE SHARE OF WEB BROWSER

Usage share, in web browser statistics is the percentage of visitors to a group of web sites that use a particular browser. For example, when it is said that Internet Explorer has 74% usage share, it means Internet Explorer is used by 74%[2] of visitors that visit a given set of sites. Typically, the user agent string is used to identify which browser a visitor is using. The concept browser percentages for the Web audience in general is sometimes called browser penetration.

INTERNET POLICE

Internet police is a generic term for police and secret police departments and other organizations in charge of policing internet in a number of countries.The major purposes of internet police, depending on the state, are fighting cybercrime, as well as censorship, propaganda, and monitoring and manipulating the online puBLIC OPINION.

Mainland China

It has been reported that in 2005, departments of provincial and municipal governments in mainland China began creating teams of Internet commentators from propaganda and police departments and offering them classes in Marxism, propaganda techniques, and the Internet. They are reported to guide discussion on public bulletin boards away from politically sensitive topics by posting opinions anonymously or under false names. "They are actually hiring staff to curse online", said Liu Di, a Chinese student who was arrested for posting her comments in blogs.
Chinese Internet police also erase anti-Communist comments and posts pro-government messages. Chinese Communist Party leader Hu Jintao has declared the party's intent to strengthen administration of the online environment and maintain the initiative in online opinion
See also: Jingjing and Chacha

India

Cyber Crime Investigation Cell is a wing of Mumbai Police, India, to deal with Cyber crimes, and to enforce provisions of India's Information Technology Law, namely, Information Technology Act 2000, and various cyber crime related provisions of criminal laws, including the Indian Penal Code. Cyber Crime Investigation Cell is a part of Crime Branch, Criminal Investigation Department of the Mumbai Police.
NetherlandsDutch police was reported to set up an Internet Brigade to fight cybercrime. It will be allowed to infiltrate internet newsgroups and discussion forums for intelligence gathering, to make pseudo-purchase and to provide services.[5].
RussiaIt is alleged in press that Russian security services operate secret teams called web brigades created to manipulate the online public opinion.

Thailand

After the 2006 coup in Thailand, the Thai police has been active in monitoring and silencing dissidents online. Censorship of the internet is carried out by the Ministry of Information and Communications Technology of Thailand and the Royal Thai Police, in collaboration with the Communications Authority of Thailand and the Telecommunication Authority of Thailand.

United Kingdom

The Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) is the only recognised organisation in the United Kingdom operating an internet ‘Hotline’ for the public and IT professionals to report their exposure to potentially illegal content online. It works in partnership with the police, Government, the public, Internet service providers and the wider online industry.

WEB BRIGADES

The web brigades (Russian: Веб-бригады )[1] are allegedly, in the view of some Russian liberal intellectuals (see below), online teams of commentators linked to security services that participate in political blogs and Internet forums to promote disinformation and prevent free discussions of undesirable subjects. Allegations of the existence of web brigades were made in a 2003 article "The Virtual Eye of the Big Brother"[1]
An article "Conspiracy theory" published in Russian journal in 2003 criticized theory of web brigades as attempts of creating myths by Russian liberal thinkers in a response for massive sobering up of Russian people. A point was made that observed behaviour of forum participants may be explained without a theory of FSB-affiliated brigades.[2]
As mentioned in 2007 sociological research of big groups in Russian society by the RIO-Center, the idea of existence of web-brigades is a widespread point of view in RuNet. Authors say "it's difficult to say whether hypothesis of existence of web-brigades corresponds to reality", but acknowledge that users professing views and methods ascribed to members of web-brigades may be found at all opposition forums of RuNet. [3]
The expression "red web-brigades" (Красные веб-бригады) used by Anna Polyanskaya as a title to her article is a pun with "Red Brigades".
Web brigades in RussiaPolyanskaya's articleThis alleged phenomenon in RuNet was described in 2003 by journalist Anna Polyanskaya (a former assistant to assassinated Russian politician Galina Starovoitova[4]), historian Andrey Krivov and political activist Ivan Lomako. They described organized and professional "brigades", composed of ideologically and methodologically identical personalities, who were working in practically every popular liberal and pro-democracy Internet forums and Internet newspapers of RuNet.
The activity of Internet teams appeared in 1999 and were organized by the Russian state security service, according to Polyanskaya. [5][1] According to authors, about 70% of audience of Russian Internet were people of generally liberal views prior to 1998–1999, however sudden surge (about 60-80%) of "antidemocratic" posts suddenly occurred at many Russian forums in 2000.
According to Polyanskaya and her colleagues, the behavior of people from the web brigades has distinct features, some of which are the following:[1]
Any change in Moscow's agenda leads to immediate changes in the brigade's opinions. Boundless loyalty to Vladimir Putin and his circle. Respect and admiration for the KGB and FSB. Nostalgia for the Soviet Union and propaganda of the Communist ideology, and constant attempts to present in a positive light the entire history of Russia and the Soviet Union, minimizing the number of people who died in repressions.[1] Anti-liberal, anti-American, anti-Chechen, anti-Semitic and anti-western opinions. Xenophobia, racism, approval of skinheads and pogroms.[1] Accusation of Russophobia against everyone who disagrees with them. Hatred of dissidents and human rights organizations and activists, political prisoners and journalists, especially Anna Politkovskaya, Sergei Kovalev, Elena Bonner, Grigory Pasko, Victor Shenderovich, and Valeria Novodvorskaya. Emigrants are accused of being traitors of the motherland. Some members will claim that they live in some Western country and tell stories about how much better life is in Putin's Russia. Before the Iraq War, the brigade's anti-U.S. operations reached unseen scale. The original publication describes: "it sometimes seemed that the U.S. was not liberating the Iraqi people from Saddam Hussein, but at a minimum had actually launched an attack on Russia and was marching on the Kremlin." However, it fell silent suddenly after Putin announced that Russia was not opposed to the victory of the coalition forces in Iraq.[1] Polyanskaya's article[1] describes the "tactics" of the alleged web brigades:
1.Frequent changes of pseudonyms. Round-the-clock presence on forums. At least one of the uniform members of the team can be found online at all times, always ready to repulse any “attack” by a liberal.[1] Intentional diversion of pointed discussions. For instance, the brigade may claim that Pol Pot never had any connection with Communism or that not a single person was killed in Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 by Soviet tanks. Individual work on opponents. "As soon as an opposition-minded liberal arrives on a forum, expressing a position that makes them a clear "ideological enemy”, he is immediately cornered and subjected to “active measures” by the unified web-brigade. Without provocation, the opponent is piled on with abuse or vicious “arguments” of the sort that the average person cannot adequately react to. As a result, the liberal either answers sharply, causing a scandal and getting himself labeled a “boor” by the rest of the brigade, or else he starts to make arguments against the obvious absurdities, to which his opponents pay no attention, but simply ridicule him and put forth other similar arguments."[1] Accusations that opponents are working for “enemies”. The opponents are accused of taking money from Berezovskiy, the CIA, the MOSSAD, Saudi Arabia, the Zionists, or the Chechen rebels. Making personally offensive comments. Tendency to accuse their opponents of being insane during arguments. Remarkable ability to reveal personal information about their opponents and their quotes from old postings, sometimes more than a year old. Teamwork. "They unwaveringly support each other in discussions, ask each other leading questions, put fine points on each other’s answers, and even pretend not to know each other. If an opponent starts to be hounded, this hounding invariably becomes a team effort, involving all of the three to twenty nicknames that invariably are present on any political forum 24 hours a day."[1] Appealing to the Administration. The members of teams often "write mass collective complaints about their opponents to the editors, site administrators, or the electronic “complaints book”, demanding that one or another posting or whole discussion thread they don’t like be removed, or calling for the banning of individuals they find problematic."[1] Destruction of inconvenient forums. For example, on the site of the Moscow News, all critics of Putin and the FSB "were suddenly and without any explanation banned from all discussions, despite their having broken none of the site’s rules of conduct. All the postings of this group of readers, going back a year and a half, were erased by the site administrator."[1]
CriticismAlexander Yusupovskiy, head of the analytical department of the Federation Council of Russia (Russian Parliament) published in 2003 an article "Conspiracy theory" in Russian Journal with criticism of theory of web brigades. [2]
Yusupovskiy's points included:
According to Yusupovskiy, an active forum participant, it's not the first time he's faced an unfair method of polemics, when a person with "liberal democratic views" accused one's opponent of being an FSB agent as a final argument. Yusupovskiy himself didn't take Web brigades theory seriously, "naively" considering that officers of GRU or FSB have more topical problems than "comparing virtual penises" with liberals and emigrants. His own experience at forums also did not give him a reason proving the theory. Yusupovskiy considered Polyanskaya's article an interesting opportunity to draw a line of demarcation between analytics and its imitation. According to Yusupovskiy, authors of the article are obsessed with "a single but strong affection": to find a "Big Brother" beyond any phenomena not fitting their mindsets. Yusupovskiy called an article a classic illustration of reverted "masonic conspiracy". Although Yusupovskiy himself has a list of claims against Russian security services and their presense in virtual world (as "according to statements of media every security service is busy in the Internet tracking terrorism, extremism, narcotic traffic, human trafficking and child pornography"), his claims are of different nature than those of Polyanskaya. Criticising Polyanskaya's point that Russian forums after 9/11 show "outstanding level of malice and hatred of the USA, gloat, slander and inhumanity" as "undifferentiated assessment bordering lie and slander", Yusupovskiy noted that there is a difference between "dislike of hegemonic policy of the United States" at Russian forums and "quite friendly attitude towards usual Americans". Aggression and xenophobia don't characterize one side but are a common place of discussion (as Yusupovskiy suggested, illusion of anonymity and absence of censorship allows such stuff to be taken from subconsciousness that won't let to be spoken aloud by an internal censor otherwise). According to Yusupovskiy, There's no lack of gloat of other kind — e.g. over Russian losses in Chechnya — or manifestations of brutal malice against "commies", "under men", Russians, Russia in posts of some our former compatriots from Israel, USA and other countries. And in a discussion of Palestineans or Arabs, "beasts", "not people", etc. are perhaps the most decent definitions given by many (not all) western participants of forums. It's specially touching to observe "briefings of hatred" (such things happen too), when Russian, Israeli and American patriots unanimously blame "Chechen-Palestinean-Islamic" terrorists...[2]
Commenting on the change of attitude of virtual masses in 1998-1999 authors evade any mention of the 1998 Russian financial collapse which "crowned liberal decade", preferring to blame "mysterious bad guys or Big Brother" for that change. "About 80% of authors at all web forums very aggressively and uniformly blame the USA" as authors note, making a conclusion at the same time: "at a moment amount of totalitarian opinions at Russian forums became 60%-80%". Try to feel semantics of "extremal journalism" mindset and its logics of antithesises: either apology of Bush'es America while spitting on one's own country, either — totalitarian agentry. To illustrate "protective totalitarian" mindset, authors quote several malicious posts from masses of forum flapjaw: "Security services existed in all times, all democratic states of the West had, have and will be having them." Or: "FSB is the same security service like FBI in the USA or Mossad in Israel or Mi-6 in Great Britain". And etc. I understand that I risk of being called "totalitarian", but quite honestly I'm having difficulties to recognize signs of totalitarianism in the above quotes. As authors continue, "there are quite less real people with totalitarian views than one may consider after having a casual look on posts in any forum". Here one can only sigh: would they look on VCIOM or FOM opinion polls results, how Stalin's popularity doesn't diminish and even rises, how meaning and emotional connotations of the word "democrat" changed (from positive to negative), and would they seriously consider these tendencies of development of social consciousness...[2]
Authors exclude from their interpretation of events all other hypotheses, such as internet activity of a group of some "skinheads", nazbols or simply unliberal students; or hackers able to get IP addresses of their opponents. According to Yusupovskiy, authors treat "independence of public opinion" in spirit of irreconcilable antagonism with "positive image of Russia".[2] Yusupovskiy finally commented on Polyanskaya's article:
"We would never make our country's military organizations and security services work under the rule of law and legal control, if won't learn to recognize rationally and objectively their necessity and usefulness for the country, state, society and citizens. Sweeping defamation and intentional discreditation with the help of "arguments", which are obviously false, only contribute to the extrusion of security services outside of rule of law and instigates them to chaos".[2]
Discussion on control over the InternetIn 2006 radio talk show hosted by Yevgenia Albats with a topic "Control over the Internet: How does that happen?", Russian journalist Andrei Soldatov made the following points[6]:
There are countries with greater or less control over the Internet; but there is control over the Internet in Russia; During the US invasion of Iraq, a group of people calling themselves GRU officers published allegedly internal GRU information on American losses in Iraq — this information was shown on the background of Anti-american hysteria and was well consumed. Later it turned out this information was not credible, but this effectively didn't change the result; After 2005 Nalchik raid Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement that Kavkaz Center "is a very bad resource", and after two days two teams calling themselves hackers appeared, to arrange hacker attacks against Kavkaz Center; Soldatov doesn't think web brigades are fiction. He had related issues with his own site, especially during such events like Moscow theater hostage crisis; One of structures having related business with the Internet is signals intelligence, which is currently a part of the FSB and has been formerly a part of 16th KGB department; There is a related agency in Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs with competent people who can do such things. [6] Other participant of the talk show, Russian political scientist Marat Gelman made the following points:
There are countries with control over the Internet, there's none in Russia; there may be control understood as observation, but there's no tool to forbid any certain resource; Internet is good as the space where authorities and opposition are placed in absolutely equal conditions and they need to actually struggle and convince people. It's impossible to actually prohibit in the Internet, one needs to win [a game]; Professional activity exists for long in the Internet — as many sites are professional media-structures with a team and owners perhaps — in a way a newspaper is. And coordinated work of these resources is possible. Commenting on a possibility that besides open structures there are closed ones imitating activity of youths, Gelman said he had an exact feeling it's fake; Answering Albats' question about possibilities of control over Internet as a means to exert influence on youths, Gelman asserted that authorities, opposition and America are all equal players in question of control and attempts of influence. Unlike e.g. television or newspapers all players in the Internet have equal possibilities, every player tries to do one's sort of work; Answering Albats' question "How control over Internet is technically organized?", Gelman noted that there are two major concepts: either the information is filtered before an user may access it ("premoderation"), either "postmoderation". While the first is the case in China, where access to certain types of resources is physically blocked, Gelman considers it a bad practice and it is absolutely unacceptable for Russia. Gelman thinks there must be control over the Internet in Russia, but only in the form of an agency searching for criminals in the Internet, tracking their IPs to get personal information, as well as there must be a mechanism to impose a penalty on such people. [6]
"LiveJournal fighters"A member of National Bolshevik Party Roman Sadykhov claimed that he secretly infiltrated pro-Kremlin organizations of "LiveJournal fighters", allegedly directed and paid from the Kremlin and instructions given to them by Vladislav Surkov, a close aide of Vladimir Putin [7] Surkov allegedly called Livejournal "a very important sector of work" [8] and said that people's brains must be "nationalized".

WEB SEARCH ENGINE

A Web search engine is a search engine designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. Information may consist of web pages, images, information and other types of files. Some search engines also mine data available in newsbooks, databases, or open directories. Unlike Web directories, which are maintained by human editors, search engines operate algorithmically or are a mixture of algorithmic and human input.How Web search engines work


Web search engines work by storing information about many web pages, which they retrieve from the WWW itself. These pages are retrieved by a Web crawler (sometimes also known as a spider) — an automated Web browser which follows every link it sees. Exclusions can be made by the use of robots.txt. The contents of each page are then analyzed to determine how it should be indexed (for example, words are extracted from the titles, headings, or special fields called meta tags). Data about web pages are stored in an index database for use in later queries. Some search engines, such as Google, store all or part of the source page (referred to as a cache) as well as information about the web pages, whereas others, such as AltaVista, store every word of every page they find. This cached page always holds the actual search text since it is the one that was actually indexed, so it can be very useful when the content of the current page has been updated and the search terms are no longer in it. This problem might be considered to be a mild form of linkrot, and Google's handling of it increases usability by satisfying user expectations that the search terms will be on the returned webpage. This satisfies the principle of least astonishment since the user normally expects the search terms to be on the returned pages. Increased search relevance makes these cached pages very useful, even beyond the fact that they may contain data that may no longer be available elsewhere.

When a user enters a query into a search engine (typically by using key words), the engine examines its index and provides a listing of best-matching web pages according to its criteria, usually with a short summary containing the document's title and sometimes parts of the text. Most search engines support the use of the boolean operators AND, OR and NOT to further specify the search query. Some search engines provide an advanced feature called proximity search which allows users to define the distance between keywords.

The usefulness of a search engine depends on the relevance of the result set it gives back. While there may be millions of webpages that include a particular word or phrase, some pages may be more relevant, popular, or authoritative than others. Most search engines employ methods to rank the results to provide the "best" results first. How a search engine decides which pages are the best matches, and what order the results should be shown in, varies widely from one engine to another. The methods also change over time as Internet usage changes and new techniques evolve.

Most Web search engines are commercial ventures supported by advertising revenue and, as a result, some employ the practice of allowing advertisers to pay money to have their listings ranked higher in search results. Those search engines which do not accept money for their search engine results make money by running search related ads alongside the regular search engine results. The search engines make money every time someone clicks on one of these ads.

Revenue in the web search portals industry is projected to grow in 2008 by 13.4 percent, with broadband connections expected to rise by 15.1 percent. Between 2008 and 2012, industry revenue is projected to rise by 56 percent as Internet penetration still has some way to go to reach full saturation in American households. Furthermore, broadband services are projected to account for an ever increasing share of domestic Internet users, rising to 118.7 million by 2012, with an increasing share accounted for by fiber-optic and high speed cable lines

WEB PRESS

Offset printing


Offset printing is a commonly used printing technique where the inked image is transferred (or "offset") from a plate to a rubber blanket, then to the printing surface. When used in combination with the lithographic process, which is based on the repulsion of oil and water, the offset technique employs a flat (planographic) image carrier on which the image to be printed obtains ink from ink rollers, while the non-printing area attracts a water-based film (called "fountain solution"), keeping the non-printing areas ink-free.

Ira Washington Rubel invented the first offset printing press in 1903.[1]


Offset printing advantages

Advantages of offset printing compared to other printing methods include:

* Consistent high image quality. Offset printing produces sharp and clean images and type more easily than letterpress printing because the rubber blanket conforms to the texture of the printing surface.
* Quick and easy production of printing plates.
* Longer printing plate life than on direct litho presses because there is no direct contact between the plate and the printing surface. Properly developed plates running in conjunction with optimized inks and fountain solution may exceed run lengths of a million impressions.
* The more you print, the less you pay per page, because most of the price goes into the preparation undergone before the first sheet of paper is printing and ready for distribution. Any additional paper print will only cost the client paper price (and ink), which is very minimal.
Offset printing disadvantages

Disadvantages of offset printing compared to other printing methods include:

* Slightly inferior image quality compared to rotogravure or photogravure printing.
* Propensity for anodized aluminum printing plates to become sensitive (due to chemical oxidation) and print in non-image/background areas when developed plates are not cared for properly.

Photo offset


The most common kind of offset printing is derived from the photo offset process, which involves using light-sensitive chemicals and photographic techniques to transfer images and type from original materials to printing plates.

In current use, original materials may be an actual photographic print and typeset text. However, it is more common — with the prevalence of computers and digital images — that the source material exists only as data in a digital publishing system.

Offset litho printing on to a web (reel) of paper is commonly used for printing of newspapers and magazines for high speed production.

WEB DECORATIONS

Web decorations, sometimes termed stabilimenta (the plural of stabilimentum), are conspicuous silk structures included in their webs by some species of orb-web spider.
Content.
Origin

It is likely that the use of stabilimenta evolved independently at least nine different times. Araneus and Gasteracantha make silk stabilimenta, while Cyclosa and the closely related Allocyclosa bifurca make silk, detritus, and egg sac stabilimenta. All those evolved independently from those of Argiope, although some decorations of A. bifurca closely resemble the ones from Argiope.

Form

Although web decorations are common in a number of spider species in the families Araneidae, Tetragnathidae and Uloboridae, they are probably best known from spiders of the genus Argiope that includes a number of species known as the St. Andrew's Cross spider, so named for its habit of resting in its web with its legs outstretched in the shape of an X, the traditional shape of the cross of St. Andrew. However, spiders in this genus also construct web decorations as a vertical line and juveniles commonly construct disc-shaped decorations[2]. Other spiders also construct round structures covering the entire hub of the web.
Function

There is much controversy surrounding the function of these structures, and it is likely that different species use it for different purposes. Some people believe that they provide protection to the spider by either camouflaging it or making it appear larger. Another theory is that they make the spider visible and therefore animals such as birds are less likely to damage the spider’s web[3]. Originally the decorations were thought to stabilize the web (hence the term stabilimentum), but this is dismissed nowadays. One more recent theory is that web decorations attract prey by reflecting ultraviolet light[4]. Light in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum is known to be attractive to many species of insects[4]. Many other theories have also been proposed such as thermoregulation , stress, regulation of excess silk, or simple esthetics.

One theory has been put forward that the purpose of the stabilimentum is to attract the male of the species to the web when the female is ready to reproduce. A limited study[5] carried out in the Calahonda area of Spain in the summer of 1992 showed that there was a positive correlation between the presence of a male in the webs of Argiope lobata and the presence of a stabilimentum.

While many Ulcerous species construct stabilization, Uloborus gibbosus does not; it usually rests at an edge of its orb and drops to the ground if disturbed. This is thought to support the web camouflage hypothesis. The strongly UV-reflecting stabilimentum of the uloborid Octonoba sybotides was found to be attractive to Dorsophila flies[1]

Materials

While the most conspicuous and well-studied decorations are constructed entirely of silk (for example in Cyclosa), some spiders combine silk with other items such as egg sacs and debris. It seems likely that these decorations camouflage the spider, thus providing protection against predators[6]. However, one interesting case occurs in some species of the golden orb spiders in the genus Nephila. These spiders commonly attach lines of uneaten prey items to their webs. Recent studies have shown that these items help the spider to attract more prey[7].

WEB PAGE RANKING

page rank

Mathematical Page Ranks (out of 100) for a simple network (Page Ranks reported by Google are rescaled logarithmically). Page C has a higher Page Rank than Page E, even though it has fewer links to it: the link it has is much higher valued. A web surfer who chooses a random link on every page (but with 15% likelihood jumps to a random page on the whole web) is going to be on Page E for 8.1% of the time. (The 15% likelihood of jumping to an arbitrary page corresponds to a damping factor of 85%.) Without damping, all web surfers would eventually end up on Pages A, B, or C, and all other pages would have Page Rank zero. Page A is assumed to link to all pages in the web, because it has no outgoing links.
Mathematical Page Ranks (out of 100) for a simple network (Page Ranks reported by Google are rescaled logarithmically). Page C has a higher Page Rank than Page E, even though it has fewer links to it: the link it has is much higher valued. A web surfer who chooses a random link on every page (but with 15% likelihood jumps to a random page on the whole web) is going to be on Page E for 8.1% of the time. (The 15% likelihood of jumping to an arbitrary page corresponds to a damping factor of 85%.) Without damping, all web surfers would eventually end up on Pages A, B, or C, and all other pages would have Page Rank zero. Page A is assumed to link to all pages in the web, because it has no outgoing links.

Page Rank is a link analysis algorithm that assigns a numerical weighting to each element of a hyper linked set of documents, such as the World Wide Web, with the purpose of "measuring" its relative importance within the set. The algorithm may be applied to any collection of entities with reciprocal quotations and references. The numerical weight that it assigns to any given element E is also called the Page Rank of E and denoted by PR(E).

The name Page Rank is a trademark of Google. The Page Rank process has been patented (U.S. Patent 6,285,999 ). The patent is assigned to Stanford University and not to Google. Google has exclusive license rights on the patent from Stanford University. The university received 1.8M shares in exchange for the patent. The shares were sold in 2005 for $336M

WEB PORTAL

A web portal is a site that provides a single function via a web page or site. Web portals often function as a point of access to information on the World Wide Web. Portals present information from diverse sources in a unified way. Apart from the search engine standard, web portals offer other services such as e-mail, news, stock prices, infotainment, and other features. Portals provide a way for enterprises to provide a consistent look and feel with access control and procedures for multiple applications, which otherwise would have been different entities altogether. An example of a web portal is Yahoo!.

History

In the late 1990s the web portal was a hot commodity. After the proliferation of web browsers in the mid-1990s many companies tried to build or acquire a portal, to have a piece of the Internet market. The web portal gained special attention because it was, for many users, the starting point of their web browser. Netscape became a part of America Online, the Walt Disney Company launched Go.com, and Excite and @Home became a part of AT&T during the late 1990s. Lycos was said to be a good target for other media companies such as CBS.

Many of the portals started initially as either web directories (notably Yahoo!) or search engines (Excite, Lycos, AltaVista, infoseek, Hotbot were among the earliest). Expanding services was a strategy to secure the user-base and lengthen the time a user stayed on the portal. Services which require user registration such as free email, customization features, and chatrooms were considered to enhance repeat use of the portal. Game, chat, email, news, and other services also tend to make users stay longer, thereby increasing the advertising revenue.

The portal craze, with "old media" companies racing to outbid each other for Internet properties, died down with the dot-com flameout in 2000 and 2001. Disney pulled the plug on Go.com, Excite went bankrupt and its remains were sold to iWon.com. Some notable portal sites ― Yahoo!, for instance ― remain successful to this day. The portal craze serves as a cautionary tale to modern dot-com businesses about the risks of rushing into a market crowded with highly-capitalized but largely undifferentiated me-too companies.

WEB DESIGN PROGRAME

A Web design program is a computer program used to create, edit, and update web pages and websites. The purpose of such a program is to make it easier for the designer to work with page and site elements through a graphical user interface that displays the desired results, typically in a WYSIWYG manner, while removing the need for the designer to have to work with the actual code that produces those results (which includes HTML or HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and others). Examples of a web design program are Macro media Dream weaver, which is a commercial program, and Amaya, which is an open source program.

ONLINE PRODUCER

An online producer oversees the making of content for websites. Online producers are sometimes called content producers or online editors.

The online producer's responsibility is usually to create, edit and arrange the text, video, audio, images and other materials that may be included on a website. Online producers define and maintain the character of a website, as opposed to running it from a technical standpoint.

The role is distinct from that of web designer, developer or webmaster. While some online producers do have technical or design knowledge which complements their production skills, an online producer's usual task is to combine the output of designers and developers into an end product that will suit its users.

Finding ways to boost the popularity of a website and increase user activity may also be the online producer's responsibility, particularly if the website sells advertising space.

Many online producers have a background in journalism, or continue to work in journalism as online producers. For example, in radio or television, an online producer may work closely with an executive producer to meet a broadcast show's online needs.

WEB CACHES

Web caching is the caching of web documents (e.g., HTML pages, images) in order to reduce bandwidth usage, server load, and perceived lag. A web cache stores copies of documents passing through it; subsequent requests may be satisfied from the cache if certain conditions are met.

Types of Web caches

Web caches can be deployed in a variety of ways. User agent caches, such as those in web browsers, are private caches, operating on behalf of a single user. Intermediaries can also implement shared caches that serve more than one person.

Proxy caches, also known as forward proxy caches, are usually deployed by internet service providers, schools and corporations to save bandwidth. Interception proxy caches (sometimes called "transparent caches") are a variant that doesn't require clients to be explicitly configured to use them.

Gateway caches, sometimes known as reverse proxy caches, surrogate caches, or web accelerators, operate on behalf of the origin server, and to clients are indistinguishable from it. A number of gateway caches can work together to implement a Content Delivery Network.

Intermediaries that cache often perform other duties, such as user authentication and content filtering. Multiple caches can also be coordinated using peering protocols like Internet Cache Protocol and HTCP.

Controlling Web caches

HTTP defines three basic mechanisms for controlling caches: freshness, validation and invalidation.

* Freshness allows a response to be used without re-checking it on the origin server, and can be controlled by both the server and the client. For example, the Expires response header gives a date when the document becomes stale, and the Cache-Control: max-age directive tells the cache how many seconds the response is fresh for.
* Validation can be used to check whether a cached response is still good after it becomes stale. For example, if the response has a Last-Modified header, a cache can make a conditional request using the If-Modified-Since header to see if it has changed.
* Invalidation is usually a side effect of another request that passes through the cache. For example, if URL associated with a cached response subsequently gets a POST, PUT or DELETE request, the cached response will be invalidated.

WEB CALANDER ACCESS PROTOCOL

Web Calendar Access Protocol (WCAP) is a protocol for remote client-server calendar access and scheduling based on the XML, HTTP, iCalendar, and vCard Internet standards. WCAP was created for use with the product that eventually became Sun Java Calendar Server, but is also used by the open source Buni Meldware project [1]. WCAP uses simple HTTP GET commands for accessing iCalendar, Freebusy, TODO and vCard entries. WCAP responses are either the traditional text form or an "xml-ized" form of iCalendar/etc[2]. Several plugins exist including those for Mozilla Thunderbird[3], Novell Evolution[4] and Microsoft Outlook[5]. There is a competing protocol called CalDAV undergoing standardization.

WEB PAGE HIJACKING

Page hijacking is a form of search engine index spamming. It is achieved by creating a rogue copy of a popular website which shows contents similar to the original to a web crawler, but redirects web surfers to unrelated or malicious websites. Spammers can use this technique to achieve high rankings in result pages for certain key words.

Page hijacking is a form of cloaking, made possible because some web crawlers detect duplicates while indexing web pages. If two pages have the same content, only one of the URLs will be kept. A spammer will try to ensure that the rogue website is the one shown on the result pages.


Google hijacking

One form of this activity involves 302 server-side redirects on Google. Hundreds of 302 Google Jacking pages were said to have been reported to Google.[citation needed] While Google has not officially acknowledged that page hijacking is a real problem, several people have found to be victims of this phenomenon when checking the search engine rankings for their website.
Example of page hijacking

Suppose that a website offers difficult to find sizes of clothes. A common search entered to reach this website is really big t-shirts, which - when entered on popular search engines - made the website show up as the first result:

SpecialClothes
Offering clothes in sizes you cannot find elsewhere.
www.example.com

A spammer working for a competing company then creates a website that looks extremely similar to one listed and includes a special redirection script that redirects web surfers to the competitor's site, but shows the page to web crawlers. After several weeks, a web search for really big t-shirts then shows the following result:

Special Clothes
Offering clothes in sizes you cannot find elsewhere... at better prices!
WWW.example.net/
—Show Similar Pages—

Notice how .com changed to .net, as well as the new "Show Similar Pages" link.

When web surfers click on this result, they are redirected to the competing website. The original result was hidden in the "Show Similar Pages" section.

WEB PAGE EDITOR

An HTML editor is a software application for creating web pages. Although the HTML markup of a web page can be written with any text editor, specialized HTML editors can offer convenience and added functionality. For example, many HTML editors work not only with HTML, but also with related technologies such as CSS, XML and JavaScript or ECMAScript. In some cases they also manage communication with remote web servers via FTP and WebDAV, and version management systems such as CVS or Subversion.

Object editors

Some editors allow alternate editing of the source text of objects in more visually organized modes than simple color highlighting, but in modes not considered WYSIWYG. Some WYSIWYG editors include the option of using palette windows that enable editing the text-based parameters of selected objects. These palettes allow either editing parameters in fields for each individual parameter, or text windows to edit the full group of source text for the selected object. They may include widgets to present and select options when editing parameters. Adobe GoLive provides an outline editor to expand and collapse HTML objects and properties, edit parameters, and view graphics attached to the expanded objects.
WYSIWYG HTML editors

WYSIWYG HTML editors provide an editing interface which resembles how the page will be displayed in a web browser. Some editors, such as ones in the form of browser extensions allow editing within a web browser. Because using a WYSIWYG editor does not require any HTML knowledge, they are easier for an average computer user to get started with.

The WYSIWYG view is achieved by embedding a layout engine based upon that used in a web browser. The layout engine will have been considerably enhanced by the editor's developers to allow for typing, pasting, deleting and moving the content. The goal is that, at all times during editing, the rendered result should represent what will be seen later in a typical web browser.

While WYSIWYG editors make web design faster and easier; many professionals still use text editors, despite the fact that most WYSIWYG editors have a mode to edit HTML code by hand. The web was not originally designed to be a visual medium, and attempts to give authors more layout control, such as CSS, have been poorly supported by major web browsers. Because of this, code automatically generated by WYSIWYG editors frequently sacrifice file size and compatibility with fringe browsers, to create a design that looks the same for widely used desktop web browsers. This automatically generated code may be edited and corrected by hand. For more on subject, see Difficulties in achieving WYSIWYG below

WYSIWYM editors

What You See Is What You Mean (WYSIWYM) is an alternative paradigm to the WYSIWYG editors above. Instead of focusing on the format or presentation of the document, it preserves the intended meaning of each element. For example, page headers, sections, paragraphs, etc. are labeled as such in the editing program, and displayed appropriately in the browser.

WEB ACCELERATOR

A web accelerator is a proxy server that reduces web site access times. They can be a self-contained hardware appliance or installable software.


Web accelerators may use several techniques to achieve this reduction:

* They may cache recently or frequently accessed documents so they may be sent to the client with less latency or at a faster transfer rate than the remote server could.
* They may freshen objects in the cache ensuring that frequently accessed content is readily available for display.
* They may preemptively resolve host names present in a document (HTML or JavaScript) in order to reduce latency.
* They may prefect documents that are likely to be accessed in the near future.
* They may compress documents to a smaller size, for example by reducing the quality of images or by sending only what's changed since the document was last requested.
* They may optimize the code from certain documents (such as HTML or JavaScript).
* They may filter out ads and other undesirable objects so they are not sent to the client at all.
* They may maintain persistent TCP connections between the client and the proxy server.

WEB PROCESSING SERVICE

The OGC Web Processing Service (WPS) is designed to standardize the way that GIS calculations are made available to the Internet. WPS can describe any calculation (i.e. process) including all of its inputs and outputs, and trigger its execution as a Web Service. WPS supports simultaneous exposure of processes via GET, POST, and SOAP, thus allowing the client to choose the most appropriate interface mechanism. The specific processes served up by a WPS implementation are defined by the owner of that implementation. Although WPS was designed to work with spatially referenced data, it can be used with any kind of data.
WPS makes it possible to publish, find, and bind to processes in a standardized and thus interoperable fashion. Theoretically it is transport/platform neutral (like SOAP), but in practice it has only been specified for HTTP. It is best described as a non-REST-ful RPC type service although it does comply with most of the REST principles.
WPS defines three operations:
GetCapabilities returns service-level metadata DescribeProcess returns a description of a process including its inputs and outputs Execute returns the output(s) of a process WPS operations can be invoked using a standard web browser by submitting requests in the form of Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) via HTTP GET, or XML documents via HTTP POST. The content of such URLs or XML documents depends on which operation is requested. For example, when requesting an Execute operation the HTTP request identifies the inputs, the name of process to be executed, and the form of output to be provided.
WPS has the following properties:
Inputs can be web-accessible URLs or embedded in the request. Outputs can be stored as web-accessible URLs or embedded in the response. For a single output such as a GIF image, WPS can return the output directly, without any XML wrapper. It supports multiple input and output formats. It supports long-running processes. It supports SOAP and WSDL. A WPS is usually not invoked directly. More often, it is invoked by a client application that provides the user with interactive controls. This client application may or may not be web-based.
WPS version 1.0.0 was released to the public in June 2007. Version 0.4.0 was released as an OGC Request for Public Comment in 2005 and implemented by several early adopters.

WEB DEVLOPMENT AS INDUSTRY

Since the mid-1990s, web development has been one of the fastest growing industries in the world. In 1995 there were fewer than 1,000 web development companies in the United States alone, but by 2005 there were over 30,000 such companies.[1][citation needed] The web development industry is expected to grow over 20% by 2010. The growth of this industry is being pushed by large businesses wishing to sell products and services to their customers and to automate business workflow, as well as the growth of many small web design and development companies.

In addition, cost of Web site development and hosting has dropped dramatically during this time. Instead of costing tens of thousands of dollars, as was the case for early websites, one can now develop a simple web site for less than a thousand dollars, depending on the complexity and amount of content.[citation needed] Smaller Web site development companies are now able to make web design accessible to both smaller companies and individuals further fueling the growth of the web development industry. As far as web development tools and platforms are concerned, there are many systems available to the public free of charge to aid in development. A popular example is the LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP), which is usually distributed free of charge. This fact alone has manifested into many people around the globe setting up new Web sites daily and thus contributing to increase in web development popularity. Another contributing factor has been the rise of easy to use WYSIWYG web development software, most prominently Adobe Dreamweaver or Microsoft Expression Studio (formerly Microsoft Frontpage) . Using such software, virtually anyone can develop a Web page in a matter of minutes. Knowledge of HyperText Markup Language (HTML), or other programming languages is not required, but recommended for professional results.

The next generation of web development tools uses the strong growth in LAMP and Microsoft .NET technologies to provide the Web as a way to run applications online. Web developers now help to deliver applications as Web services which were traditionally only available as applications on a desk based computer.

Instead of running executable code on a local computer, users are interacting with online applications to create new content. This has created new methods in communication and allowed for many opportunities to decentralize information and media distribution. Users are now able to interact with applications from many locations, instead of being tied to a specific workstation for their application environment.

Examples of dramatic transformation in communication and commerce led by web development include e-commerce. Online auction sites such as eBay have changed the way consumers consume and purchase goods and services. Online resellers such as Amazon.com and Buy.com (among many, many others) have transformed the shopping and bargain hunting experience for many consumers. Another good example of transformative communication led by web development is the blog. Web applications such as WordPress and b2evolution have created easily implemented blog environments for individual Web sites. Open source content systems such as Typo3, Xoops, Joomla!, and Drupal have extended web development into new modes of interaction and communication.

WEB DEVLOPMENT

Web development is a broad term for any activity related to developing a web site for the World Wide Web or an intranet. This can include e-commerce business development, web design, web content development, client-side/server-side scripting, and web server configuration. However, among web professionals, "web development" usually refers only to the non-design aspects of building web sites, e.g. writing markup and coding. Web development can range from developing the simplest static single page of plain text to the most complex web-based internet applications, electronic businesses, or social network services.

For larger businesses and organizations, web development teams can consist of hundreds of people (web developers). Smaller organizations may only require a single permanent or contracting webmaster, or secondary assignment to related job positions such as a graphic designer and/or Information systems technician. Web development may be a collaborative effort between departments rather than the domain of a designated department.

WEB SITE DESIGN

Web site is a collection of information about a particular topic or subject. Designing a web site is defined as the arrangement and creation of web pages that in turn make up a web site. A web page consists of information for which the web site is developed. A web site might be compared to a book, where each page of the book is a web page.

There are many aspects (design concerns) in this process, and due to the rapid development of the Internet, new aspects may emerge. For non-commercial web sites, the goals may vary depending on the desired exposure and response. For typical commercial web sites, the basic aspects of design are:

* The content: the substance, and information on the site should be relevant to the site and should target the area of the public that the website is concerned with.
* The usability: the site should be user-friendly, with the interface and navigation simple and reliable.
* The appearance: the graphics and text should include a single style that flows throughout, to show consistency. The style should be professional, appealing and relevant.
* The visibility: the site must also be easy to find via most, if not all, major search engines and advertisement media.

A web site typically consists of text and images. The first page of a web site is known as the Home page or Index. Some web sites use what is commonly called a Splash Page. Splash pages might include a welcome message, language or region selection, or disclaimer. Each web page within a web site is an HTML file which has its own URL. After each web page is created, they are typically linked together using a navigation menu composed of hyperlinks. Faster browsing speeds have led to shorter attention spans and more demanding online visitors and this has resulted in less use of Splash Pages, particularly where commercial web sites are concerned.

Once a web site is completed, it must be published or uploaded in order to be viewable to the public over the internet. This may be done using an FTP client. Once published, the web master may use a variety of techniques to increase the traffic, or hits, that the web site receives. This may include submitting the web site to a search engine such as Google or Yahoo, exchanging links with other web sites, creating affiliations with similar web sites, etc

ATTRACT MORE VISITORS

Getting more visitors or traffic in your web site
The main challenge to web site owner and blogger is getting visitors in their site. Due to high competition and expectation most of them follow the illegal way to generate traffic such as sending bulk emails, impossible incentives and tricks. Though, those tricks work for getting some visitors, these techniques won’t provide long term and permanent promotion. For getting high volume traffic in your web site you must concentrate on how to provide reliable and useful information to the web site visitors. To promote your site in short and long term you may go through the following instruction:
1. Provide quality articles or contents frequently: Quality articles or contents means identification of problem of the site visitor, your views to solve those problems and resources or links that may be helpful for solving those problems. For example: If a person is seeking lender for getting loan and willing to get reliable company that provides loan at cheap interest rate and without any hassle, you should be able to provide him the information and resources or links of some companies through your web site. That inspires him to visit your site in future too. Frequent updates of your web site impress the site visitors and search engines too. So you will get more returning visitors and better ranking on search index.
2. For quick promotion: To promote your site quickly, make the site ready for users. After completing the development of your site, follow the instruction given below:
a. Chat and forum promotion: To reach to visitors quickly chat and discussion group forums are the best means. To promote your site through chat, join a public chat room of your targeted area. For example, you may join Yahoo public chat room. If your targeted region is USA, join a room of USA. After joining the room, start chatting with people and wisely provide your web site.
b. Free classified ads posting: You may promote your web site through classified ads site. There are thousands of free classified ads sites. You may access free classified sites list from here. Before posting ads on classified sites, make effective promotional campaign. If you state the problem of the visitors and ensure the solution from your site, the campaign will be successful. Then post your ads to the classified sites.
c. Post comments on popular sites: Now a days most web sites get feedback from their web site visitors. You may visit those sites and provide comments on them. Be sure that you are providing comments related to the topics. Never provide visit this site, visit my site and any direct inspiration to visit your web site. Almost all sites collect URL of the commenter. At the URL field provide your URL.
d. Paid Promotion: You may take part in paid promotion at google adwords and other PPC and banner advertising programs.
3. Long term promotion: To get regular visitors in your web site, you should provide a bit of time to place your web site on top 10 positions at google and yahoo search. To do you so you should develop search engine friendly web site. And there shouldn’t any html error in your web page. To optimize your web page in search engine consider the following instruction:
a. Choose right keywords b. Place the main keyword in title, keywords and description field. c. Make sure that the main keyword is placed in top and bottom 100 characters of the page. d. Make sure that main keyword in your page ratio is 3/100 to 5/100. e. Make sure that the page doesn’t have any html errors and broken links. f. Correct the spellings and grammar of texts on the page. g. Exchange your site’s link with relevant web sites. If search engine’s spiders find your link in other relevant site, your site is measured important and your ranking will be high. h. Use google site map and rss feeds on your web site.

EARN MONEY WITHOUT INVESTMENT

You want to earn money online without investment. You have heard many people are making thousands dollars every month on the internet, doing almost nothing. You have noticed this type of advertisemnts in the internet- Work without leaving your present job.- Work Part Time only, no need to work full time.- Work from Home or Office and spend much time with your family- Work in your spare time.- Earn money on the internet.- Earn Online and enjoy Personal Freedom and Independence. You also wish to make money online. You may not have any experience of online earnng. You have not tried it yet. You want to learn the pros and cons of online earning. You have noticed that maximum sites are charging a good amount to join the online earning program. You are worried and confused how to start with. You do not want to take any risk.
You are searching for a legitimate online earning site which is free to join.You might have visited numerous online earning sites that lure you by attractive advertisments like “ earn thousands of dollars even when you are sleeping” or “ earn $100 per hour” etc. but when you have entered into it you experienced that they have been revealed as fraud, scammer dealing with dishonest sceme. Their scheme is nothing but to cut your pocket without any return. Just remember, life is not a bed of roses, nobody will not give you even a single penny without any profit. If they could earn $1 from you, may give you 10 cents. I am couple of years in the internet and have visited numerous sites. I have spent a sizeable money and many a time I have been deceived. So before choosing any online job you should think over every drabacks.Oh! You are thinking you have not yet got your answer. You are thinking who the Hell am I? No, no, I will not deceive you. As I promise I will provide you some site addresses from which you can earn unlimited income without investing. I can assure you that the sites are legitimate online earning sites. You can try. I also assure you that they will not charge even a single penny.

So let us know the address of the sites. Visit websites and earn This is a new innovative, international site allow you to join FREE. You can make money by simply visiting websites for atleast 30 seconds. They will pay you for visiting websites. You can earn through referrals also. Everyone can participate in the program. You have to earn at least $10 to receive payment.Earn by discussion You may write anything you like. It may be your hobby, your job, pets, music, jokes, and political view etc. You will earn for your every writing. You can start a new discussion or participate in a discussion already started by another person.. What a fun! Exchange your view and earn money at the same time. You can earn through referrals also.Read email and earnYou can earn unlimited income by just checking your email. Read the email and earn. You can earn by referring your friends also.

MONEY FROM GOOGLE ADSENCE

How to make more money from Google Adsense?

This is the main tips for you which will be the best idea to make more money. This step teaches you to show google ads in maximum eye-catching places in the page. The ads will be shown every possible area where your web site visitors’ mainly focus. More valid clicks maximize your income.
Optimization tips to make more valid clicks:
1. Place ads on top of your page: The visitor first sees the contents of the upper part of your page. If ads will be shown top of the page above of your latest article, that may grab attention of the visitor and he/she may click on that link or ads.
2. Just below of each article: Though the visitor didn’t click the ads and start reading your article, he/she may clicks on ads if it will be placed just below of the article.
3. On the bottom of the page: If the visitor reaches on the bottom of the page, there will be no options for him/her. If ads are shown on the bottom of the page, he/she may clicks on ads as there will be no option.
To show ads on just below of article and bottom of the page on blogger, follow the instruction: 1. Sign In to the blogger.com 2. Click "Template" link. There you will see a text area with HTML source code of your site. 3. Skip or don't see anything above tag. Some lines below tag 4. Some lines below of tag, you will see the code as like the following format:

…………………

5. Copy the code. Copy the code from

to

.6. Find

7. Paste code on the location as shown below:

Paste code in this space
8. Click “Preview” button on the bottom of the page to see exact view your page after pasting the code. 9. If you won’t see any error odd view on preview click “Save Template Changes” otherwise click “Clear Edits” and follow the process from step 4 to step 6 as mention above. 10. Wait until you get Settings saved successfully message
Prohibition on Google Adsense:

1. Don't click on ads from your site your self.

2. Don't inspire anyone directly to click on ads through your site.

3. Don't use any auto hits and clicks software to click on ads

4. Don't place ads code at contentless or hidden content pages.